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Rights)À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ¹Ì ¼öÁ¤Çå¹ý Á¦1Á¶´Â ÈçÈ÷ ¸»Çϴ ǥÇöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ°í
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process)'¸¦ °­Á¶ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÑ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.  
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ÀÚÀ¯´Â °æÁ¦Àû ÀÚÀ¯ µîº¸´Ùµµ ¿ì¿ùÀû ÁöÀ§(preferred position)¸¦ ´©¸°´Ù. Ç¥ÇöÀÇ
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±âÁØÀ» Àû¿ëÇßÀ» ¶§, Àüü·Î¼­ ´Ù·ç¾îÁø ÀÚ·áÀÇ Áö¹èÀû ÁÖÁ¦°¡ È£»öÀûÀÎ Èï¹Ì¸¦
ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â °Í(to average person, applying contemporary community standards, the
dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to prurient
interest)"À̶ó°í ÆǽÃÇß´Ù(ÀåÈ£¼ø, 152). 
±× ÈÄ 1964³âÀÇ Jacobellis ÆÇ°á(378 U.S. 184)¿¡¼­´Â ¹Ì ¿¬¹æ´ë¹ý¿øÀº <»ç¶ûÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷µé(Les Amants)>À̶ó´Â ¿µÈ­ »ó¿µÀ¸·Î Çϱ޽ɿ¡¼­ À¯ÁË ÆÇ°á ¹ÞÀº ±ØÀåÁÖ¿¡°Ô
¹«ÁË ÆÇ°áÀ» ³»¸®¸é¼­ ¿µÈ­ Àå¸é ÀϺο¡ ¼ºÇàÀ§ ¹¦»ç°¡ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ 1¹é¿©
µµ½Ã¿¡¼­ »ó¿µµÇ¾ú°í À¯¸í ¿µÈ­ÀâÁö³ª ¿µÈ­ºñÆò°¡·ÎºÎÅÍ È£Æò ¹ÞÀº ¿µÈ­¸¦
À½¶õÇÏ´Ù°í °£ÁÖÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í Çß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Ã»¼Ò³â¿¡°Ô ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù¸é
±×µé¿¡°Ô¸¸ »ó¿µÀ» ±ÝÇÏ¸é µÇ°í, Roth ÆÇ°á¿¡¼­ÀÇ '´ç´ë Ä¿¹Â´ÏƼÀÇ ±âÁØ'Àº ÇØ´ç
Áö¿ª¼ºÀ» °í·ÁÇ϶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹Ì±¹ »çȸÀÇ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ ±âÁØÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í
Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ÆÇ°á¿¡¼­ ¼ÒÀ§ À½¶õ¼º°ú °ü·ÃÇؼ­ ¹Ì ¿¬¹æ´ë¹ý¿øÀÌ Áö¿ªÀû ±âÁØÀ¸·Î
Á¦½ÃÇÑ ÆÇ°á¹®ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

The "contemporary community standards" by which the issue of obscenity is to
be determined are not those of the particular local community from which the
case arises, but those of the Nation as a whole.

ÇÑÆí, 1966³âÀÇ Memoirs ÆÇ·Ê(383 U.S. 413)¿¡¼­ ¹Ì ¿¬¹æ´ë¹ý¿øÀº ¼ÒÀ§ À½¶õ¹°·Î
º¸ÀÏÁö¶óµµ »çȸÀû °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é À½¶õ¹°·Î ÆÇÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç »çȸÀû °¡Ä¡°¡
¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÇ ÀÔÁõ Ã¥ÀÓÀº °ËÂû¿¡°Ô ÀÖ´Ù°í ÆǽÃÇß´Ù(ÀåÈ£¼ø, 153). ÆÐ´Ï ÈúÀÇ ¼Ò¼³
"Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure"ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ§ À½¶õ¼ºÀ» µÑ·¯½Ñ ¹ýÁ¤
°ø¹æ¿¡¼­ ¸Þ»çÃß¼¼Ã÷ ÁÖ ´ë¹ý¿øÀº ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÌ ¼öÁ¤Çå¹ý Á¦1Á¶¿Í Á¦14Á¶ÀÇ º¸È£¸¦ ¹ÞÀ»
¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ÆÇ°áÇßÁö¸¸, ¹Ì ¿¬¹æ´ë¹ý¿øÀº À̸¦ µÚÁýÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Âü°í·Î, ¹Ì ¼öÁ¤Çå¹ý
Á¦14Á¶ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº "¾î¶² ÁÖÁ¤ºÎÀÇ ¹ýµµ ¹ý·üÀÌ Á¤ÇÏ´Â Á¤´çÇÑ ÀýÂ÷¿¡ ÀÇÇÏÁö
¾Æ´ÏÇÏ°í´Â ´©±¸¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­µµ »ý¸í, ÀÚÀ¯, Àç»êÀ» ¹ÚÅ»ÇÏÁö ¸øÇϸç" ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖ¿¡
»ç´Â »ç¶÷À̶ó°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ "¹ýÀÇ ±ÕµîÇÑ º¸È£"¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 
¼ÒÀ§ À½¶õ¼ºÀ» µÑ·¯½Ñ ¹Ì ¿¬¹æ´ë¹ý¿ø¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ø¹æÀº 1973³â Miller ÆÇ°á(413
U.S. 15)·Î ±Í°áµÇ¾ú´Ù. »ç°Ç °æ°úÀÎÁï, 1973³â Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾ÆÁÖ ´ºÆ÷Æ®ºñÄ¡ÀÇ ÇÑ
½Ä´ç¿¡ ¿ìÆí¹° ¹è´ÞÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ½Ä´çÀÇ ¿©ÁÖÀÎÀº ÀÌ ¿ìÆí¹° °æÂû ½Å°íÇß´Ù. ÀÌ
¿ìÆí¹°Àº Ã¥°ú ¿µÈ­ÀÇ ¼º Ç¥Çö¹°À» ¼±ÀüÇÏ´Â ±¤°í Àü´ÜÀ̾ú´Âµ¥ ¿©±â¿¡´Â ¼ºÇàÀ§¸¦
ÇÏ´Â À̹ÌÁö¿Í ¼º±â°¡ ´Ù·ç¾îÁø À̹ÌÁö°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °á±¹ Àü´Ü º¸³½
Miller´Â À½¶õ¹°À» ±ÝÁöÇÑ ÁÖ Çü¹ýÀÇ À§¹Ý ÇøÀǷΠüÆ÷µÇ°í, ÀçÆÇ¿¡ ȸºÎµÇ¾ú´Ù.
Miller¸¦ À¯ÁË·Î ÆÇ°áÇÑ ÀÌ ÆÇ°á¿¡¼­ Burger ¿¬¹æ´ë¹ý¿øÀåÀº ¼ÒÀ§ À½¶õ¹°Àº
¼öÁ¤Çå¹ý 1Á¶¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¸È£¹ÞÁö ¸øÇϸç, ¼ÒÀ§ À½¶õ¹°ÀÇ ±âÁØÀº ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼ °¡Áö¶ó´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

a. ÀÏ¹Ý º¸ÅëÀÎÀÇ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡, ´ç´ë Ä¿¹Â´ÏƼÀÇ Ç¥ÁØÀ» Àû¿ëÇÒ ¶§, ƯÁ¤ ÀÛÇ°ÀÌ Àüü·Î
º¸¾Æ¼­ È£»öÀûÀÎ °ü½É¿¡ È£¼ÒÇϴ°¡ÀÇ ¿©ºÎ(whether "the average person,
applying contemporary community standards" would find that the work, taken as
a whole, appeals to the prurient interest).
b. ÀÛÇ°ÀÌ ´çÇØ ÁÖ ¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ƯÁ¤Çؼ­ Á¤ÀÇµÈ ¼ºÇàÀ§¸¦  ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¸ð¿åÀûÀÎ
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¹¦»çÇϰųª ±â¼úÇϴ°¡ÀÇ ¿©ºÎ(whether the work depicts or describes,
in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the
applicable state law).
c. Àüü·Î¼­ º¸¾ÒÀ» ¶§ ÀÛÇ°ÀÌ ÁøÁöÇÑ ¹®ÇÐÀû, ¿¹¼úÀû, Á¤Ä¡Àû ¶Ç´Â °úÇÐÀû °¡Ä¡¸¦
°á¿©Çߴ°¡ÀÇ ¿©ºÎ(whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary,
artistic, political, or scientific value). 


4. ¹æ¼ÛÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­´Â ¼ÒÀ§ À½¶õ¹°»Ó¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àú¼ÓÇÑ(the indecent) °Íµµ
¼öÁ¤Çå¹ý Á¦1Á¶ÀÇ º¸È£¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù(FCC v. PACIFICA FOUNDATION, 438 U.S. 726,
1978). ±×·¸´Ù¸é ÀÎÅͳݿ¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ ¹ý¿øÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀº ¾î¶°ÇÑ °ÍÀϱî. À̸¦ ¾Ë±â
À§Çؼ­´Â, ¼ÒÀ§ Åë½ÅÇ°À§¹ý(Communication Decency Act: CDA)ÀÇ À§Ç强À» µÑ·¯½Ñ
¿¬¹æ´ë¹ý¿øÀÇ ÆÇ·Ê(1997³â)¿Í ÀÌÈÄ ¾Æµ¿¿Â¶óÀκ¸È£¹ý(Child Online Protection
Act: COPA)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì¿¬¹æ Á¦3¼øȸÇ×¼Ò½ÉÀÇ ÆÇ°á(2000)À» °ËÅäÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

4-1. CDA¸¦ µÑ·¯½Ñ °ø¹æ¿¡¼­ ¹Ì ¿¬¹æ´ë¹ý¿øÀº, CDA¿¡¼­ "Àú¼ÓÇÑ °ÍÀÇ
Àü´Þ(indecent transmission)"°ú "¸í¹éÈ÷ ¸ð¿åÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÇ Àü½Ã(patently offensive
display)"À» ±ÝÁöÇÑ °ÍÀÌ, ¹Ì ¼öÁ¤Çå¹ý Á¦1Á¶¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¸ÀåµÇ´Â Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦
¹ÚÅ»ÇÑ´Ù°í ÆÇ°áÇß´Ù. ±× ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ³»¿ëÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

(a) Although the CDA's vagueness is relevant to the First Amendment
overbreadth inquiry, the judgment should be affirmed without reaching the
Fifth Amendment issue. 
(b) A close look at the precedents relied on by the Government--Ginsberg v.
New York, 390 U.S. 629 ; FCC v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726 ; and
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc., 475 U.S. 41 --raises, rather than
relieves, doubts about the CDA's constitutionality. The CDA differs from the
various laws and orders upheld in those cases in many ways, including that it
does not allow parents to consent to their children's use of restricted
materials; is not limited to commercial transactions; fails to provide any
definition of "indecent" and omits any requirement that "patently offensive"
material lack socially redeeming value; neither limits its broad categorical
prohibitions to particular times nor bases them on an evaluation by an agency
familiar with the medium's unique characteristics; is punitive; applies to a
medium that, unlike radio, receives full First Amendment protection; and
cannot be properly analyzed as a form of time, place, and manner regulation
because it is a content based blanket restriction on speech. These
precedents, then, do not require the Court to uphold the CDA and are fully
consistent with the application of the most stringent review of its
provisions. 
(c) The special factors recognized in some of the Court's cases as justifying
regulation of the broadcast media--the history of extensive government
regulation of broadcasting, see, e.g., Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, 395
U.S. 367, 399 -400; the scarcity of available frequencies at its inception,
see, e.g., Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC, 512 U.S. 622, 637 -638;
and its "invasive" nature, see Sable Communications of Cal., Inc. v. FCC, 492
U.S. 115, 128 --are not present in cyberspace. Thus, these cases provide no
basis for qualifying the level of First Amendment scrutiny that should be
applied to the Internet.
(d) Regardless of whether the CDA is so vague that it violates the Fifth
Amendment, the many ambiguities concerning the scope of its coverage render
it problematic for First Amendment purposes. For instance, its use of the
undefined terms "indecent" and "patently offensive" will provoke uncertainty
among speakers about how the twostandards relate to each other and just what
they mean. The vagueness of such a content based regulation, see, e.g.,
Gentile v. State Bar of Nev., 501 U.S. 1030 , coupled with its increased
deterrent effect as a criminal statute, see, e.g., Dombrowski v. Pfister, 380
U.S. 479 , raise special First Amendment concerns because of its obvious
chilling effect on free speech. Contrary to the Government's argument, the
CDA is not saved from vagueness by the fact that its "patently offensive"
standard repeats the second part of the three prong obscenity test set forth
in Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 24 . The second Miller prong reduces
the inherent vagueness of its own "patently offensive" term by requiring that
the proscribed material be "specifically defined by the applicable state
law." In addition, the CDA applies only to "sexual conduct," whereas, the CDA
prohibition extends also to "excretory activities" and "organs" of both a
sexual and excretory nature. Each of Miller's other two prongs also
critically limits the uncertain sweep of the obscenity definition. Just
because a definition including three limitations is not vague, it does not
follow that one of those limitations, standing alone, is not vague. The CDA's
vagueness undermines the likelihood that it has been carefully tailored to
the congressional goal of protecting minors from potentially harmful
materials. 
(e) The CDA lacks the precision that the First Amendment requires when a
statute regulates the content of speech. Although the Government has an
interest in protecting children from potentially harmful materials, see,
e.g., Ginsberg, 390 U.S., at 639 , the CDA pursues that interest by
suppressing a large amount of speech that adults have a constitutional right
to send and receive, see, e.g., Sable, supra, at 126. Its breadth is wholly
unprecedented. The CDA's burden on adult speech is unacceptable if less
restrictive alternatives would be at least as effective in achieving the
Act's legitimate purposes. See, e.g., Sable, 492 U.S., at 126 . The
Government has not proved otherwise. On the other hand, the District Court
found that currently available user based software suggests that a reasonably
effective method by which parents can prevent their children from accessing
material which the parents believe is inappropriate will soon be widely
available. Moreover, the arguments in this Court referred to possible
alternatives such as requiring that indecent material be "tagged" to
facilitate parental control, making exceptions for messages with artistic or
educational value, providing some tolerance for parental choice, and
regulating some portions of the Internet differently than others.
Particularly in the light of the absence of any detailed congressional
findings, or even hearings addressing the CDA's special problems, the Court
is persuaded that the CDA is not narrowly tailored. 
(f) The Government's three additional arguments for sustaining the CDA's
affirmative prohibitions are rejected. First, the contention that the Act is
constitutional because it leaves open ample "alternative channels" of
communication is unpersuasive because the CDA regulates speech on the basis
of its content, so that a "time, place, and manner" analysis is inapplicable.
See, e.g., Consolidated Edison Co. of N. Y. v. Public Serv. Comm'n of N. Y.,
447 U.S. 530, 536 . Second, the assertion that the CDA's "knowledge" and
"specific person" requirements significantly restrict its permissible
application to communications to persons the sender knows to be under 18 is
untenable, given that most Internet forums are open to all comers and that
even the strongest reading of the "specific person" requirement would confer
broad powers of censorship, in the form of a "heckler's veto," upon any
opponent of indecent speech. Finally, there is no textual support for the
submission that material having scientific, educational, or other redeeming
social value will necessarily fall outside the CDA's prohibitions. 
(g) The ¡×223(e)(5) defenses do not constitute the sort of "narrow tailoring"
that would save the CDA. The Government's argument that transmitters may take
protective "good faith actio[n]" by "tagging" their indecent communications
in a way that would indicate their contents, thus permitting recipients to
block their reception with appropriate software, is illusory, given the
requirement that such action be "effective": The proposed screening software
does not currently exist, but, even if it did, there would be no way of
knowing whether a potential recipient would actually block the encoded
material. The Government also failed to prove that ¡×223(b)(5)'s verification
defense would significantly reduce the CDA's heavy burden on adult speech.
Although such verification is actually being used by some commercial
providers of sexually explicit material, the District Court's findings
indicate that it is not economically feasible for most noncommercial
speakers. 
(h) The Government's argument that this Court should preserve the CDA's
constitutionality by honoring its severability clause, ¡×608, and by
construing nonseverable terms narrowly, is acceptable in only one respect.
Because obscene speech may be banned totally, see Miller, supra, at 18, and
¡×223(a)'s restriction of "obscene" material enjoys a textual manifestation
separate from that for "indecent" material, the Court can sever the term "or
indecent" from the statute, leaving the rest of ¡×223(a) standing. 
(i) The Government's argument that its "significant" interest in fostering
the Internet's growth provides an independent basis for upholding the CDA's
constitutionality is singularly unpersuasive. The dramatic expansion of this
new forum contradicts the factual basisunderlying this contention: that the
unregulated availability of "indecent" and "patently offensive" material is
driving people away from the Internet. 

À§¿¡ µÚÀ̾ ¹Ì ¿¬¹æ´ë¹ý¿øÀº ÀÎÅͳݿ¡ °üÇØ ±× ź»ý, ¼ºÀå, ³×Æ®¿öÅ©¿¡
Á¢¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â »ó¾÷Àû ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ ¿¬°áµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ö, À̸ÞÀϤý´º½º±×·ì¤ýäÆäýÀ¥
µîÀÇ Àü¼Û¹æ½Ä ³»Áö´Â Á¢±Ù¹æ½Ä µîÀÇ »ç½ÇÀ» °³°ýÀûÀ¸·Î °ËÅäÇÑ µÚ ÀÎÅͳÝÀÇ
¼º°Ý¿¡ °üÇؼ­ ÃâÆǾ÷ÀÚÀÇ °üÁ¡À» ºô¾î¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¾ð±ÞÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. 

From the publishers' point of view, it constitutes a vast platform from which
to address and hear from a world wide audience of millions of readers,
viewers, researchers, and buyers. Any person or organization with a computer
connected to the Internet can "publish" information. Publishers include
government agencies, educational institutions, commercial entities, advocacy
groups, and individuals. Publishers may either make their material available
to the entire pool of Internet users, or confine access to a selected group,
such as those willing to pay for the privilege. "No single organization
controls any membership in the Web, nor is there any centralized point from
which individual Web sites or services can be blocked from the Web."

°á±¹, ÀÎÅͳÝÀº ¹æ¼Û¿¡ °¡±î¿î ¸Åü¶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÃâÆÇ¿¡ °¡±î¿î ¸Åü¶ó´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹æ¼Û°ú´Â ´Þ¸® ÀÎÅͳÝÀº ¼öÁ¤Çå¹ý Á¦1Á¶ÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ º¸È£¸¦ ¹Þ´Â ¸Åü¶ó´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù.

4-2. CDA°¡ À§ÇåÀ¸·Î ÆÇÁ¤µÇÀÚ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¾ÃÅÊÀ̵é(¾îµð¿¡³ª ¾ÃÅÊÀÌ´Â ¿­¶ó ÀÖ´Ù)Àº
'Àú¼ÓÇÑ'À̶ó´Â ¸ðÈ£ÇÑ ±ÔÁ¤ ´ë½Å¿¡ '¹Ì¼º³âÀÚ¿¡°Ô Çطοî(harmful to minor)'
±âÁØÀ» µé°í  ³ª¼¹´Ù. ¶Ç, ±ÔÁ¦ ´ë»óµµ ÀÎÅÍ³Ý Àü¹Ý ´ë½Å¿¡ '»ó¾÷Àû À¥ »çÀÌÆ®'¿¡
ÇÑÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¹ý¾ÈÀ» ¸¸µé±â¿¡ À̸¥´Ù. À̸¥¹Ù COPA°¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. 
COPA°¡ 1998³â 10¿ù¿¡ ÀÇȸ¸¦ Åë°úÇÏÀÚ, CDA¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§Çå ¼Ò¼ÛÀ» Á¦±âÇß´ø
A.C.L.U(AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION)¿¡¼­´Â °ð¹Ù·Î ¼Ò¼ÛÀ» Á¦±âÇß´Ù. ±»ÀÌ
¼³¸íÀ» ÇÏÀÚ¸é,  A.C.L.U.´Â ³»°¡ º» ¹®Çå»óÀ¸·Î¸¸ ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ°Ç´ë, Çѱ¹À¸·Î Ä¡¸é
<Àαǿ»ç¶÷¹æ> + <¹Îº¯> + <¹®È­¿¬´ë>¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ½Ã¹Î´ÜüÀÎ µíÇÏ´Ù.
¾î·°Å³ª, ±×·± µÚ Çʶóµ¨ÇÇ¾Æ ¿¬¹æÁö¹æ¹ý¿ø¿¡¼­´Â COPA¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿¹ºñ
±ÝÁö¸í·É(preliminary injunction)À» ³»·È°í ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹Ì ¹ý¹«ºÎ°¡ Ç×¼ÒÇÏÀÚ
¹Ì¿¬¹æ Á¦3¼øȸÇ×¼Ò½ÉÀº Áö¹æ¹ý¿øÀÇ ¿¹ºñ ±ÝÁö¸í·ÉÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ
ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù(grant).  

We will affirm the District Court's grant of a preliminary injunction because
we are confident that the ACLU's attack on COPA's constitutionality is likely
to succeed on the merits. Because material posted on the Web is accessible by
all Internet users worldwide, and because current technology does not permit
a Web publisher to restrict
access to its site based on the geographic locale of each particular Internet
user, COPA essentially requires that every Web publisher subject to the
statute abide by the most restrictive and conservative state's community
standards in order to avoid criminal liability. Thus, because the standard by
which COPA gauges whether material is "harmful to minors" is based on
identifying "contemporary community standards" the inability of Web
publishers to restrict access to their Web sites based on the geographic
locale of the site visitor, in and of itself, imposes an impermissible burden
on constitutionally protected First Amendment speech. 
In affirming the District Court, we are forced to recognize that, at present,
due to technological limitations, there may be no other means by which
harmful material on the Web may be constitutionally restricted, although, in
light of rapidly developing technological advances, what may now be
impossible to regulate constitutionally may, in the not-too-distant future,
become feasible.

ÀÌÈÄ ¿¬¼ÓµÇ´Â ÆÇ°á¹®¿¡¼­, ¿¬¹æ Á¦3Ç×¼Ò½ÉÀº ¸Å¿ì ±î´Ù·Ó°í ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ³íÁõÀ»
ÅëÇؼ­, ¹Ð·¯ ÆÇ·Ê¿¡¼­ÀÇ '´ç´ë Ä¿¹Â´ÏƼÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ'À» ÀÎÅͳݿ¡ Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
¹«¸®¶ó´Â °á·ÐÀ» ³»¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áï, COPA°¡ ºÎ°úÇϴ åÀÓÀ» ÁöÅ°°í ó¹úÀ» ¸éÇϱâ
À§Çؼ­ À¥ Á¦ÀÛÀÚ(publisher!)°¡ °¡Àå º¸¼öÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ÁÖ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±âÁØÀ»
¸¸Á·½ÃÅ°·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀº °æ¿ì À¯ÅëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ·áµéÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
Çå¹ýÀû ±Ç¸®¸¦ Áö´Ñ ¼ºÀεéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯°¡ ¹ÚÅ»´çÇÏ´Â °á°ú¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Áï,
¹Ð·¯ ÆÇ·Ê¿¡¼­¿Í °°ÀÌ, ȤÀº Sable ÆÇ·Ê(492 U.S. 115)¿¡¼­¿Í °°ÀÌ, ÁÖ ¹ýÀÌ
±ÝÁöÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¼ÒÀ§ À½¶õ¹°À» ¿ìÆíÀ̳ª ÀüÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇØ º¸³»´Â »ç¶÷Àº ¹Ù·Î ±×
³»¿ë¹°À» ¹Þ´Â °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ´ë»ó ¹üÀ§¿Í °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ÅëÁ¦·ÂÀ» Áö´Ò ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸,
ÀÎÅͳݿ¡¼­´Â ±×·² ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ '´ç´ë Ä¿¹Â´ÏƼÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ'À» ÀÎÅͳݿ¡
Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °úµµÇÑ ±¤¹ü¼ºÀÇ ¿øÄ¢¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î À§ÇåÀ̸ç, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¿©±â¿¡¼­
Ç×¼Ò½ÉÀº Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ ¼ÒÀ§ 'ÀÌÀÍ Çü·®ÀÇ ¿øÄ¢(interest nalancing
test)'¸¦ Àû¿ëÇϸ鼭, Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¿¹»óµÇ´Â ħÇØ´Â COPA¸¦ ½ÃÇàÇßÀ» ¶§º¸´Ù ´õ
Å« ÇؾÇÀ» °¡Á®¿Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù(ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ±³Àû »ó¼¼ÇÑ ³íÀÇ´Â ¹è¿µ¼ö[2001]¸¦
ÂüÁ¶ÇÒ °Í).


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µÚ, "ÀÎÅͳÝÀº û¼Ò³âºÎÅÍ ¼ºÀαîÁö ºÒƯÁ¤ ´Ù¼öÀÎÀÌ Á¢¼ÓÇÏ´Â ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ Àå¼Ò"À̸ç
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ÇÑ °Í°ú µ¿µîÇÏ°Ô Æò°¡µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ °Í"À̶ó´Â ¸»µµ ¾ÈµÇ´Â ÁÖÀåÀ» Æì°í
ÀÖ´Ù(´ëÀüÁö¹æ°ËÂûûȫ¼ºÁöû, <±¸¼Ó¿µÀåû±¸¼­> 9ÂÊ, 2001.6.11.). 
±×·±µ¥, °Ë»ç°¡ ±¸¼Ó¿µÀåû±¸¼­¿¡¼­ ±èÀαԿ¡°Ô Àû¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹ý Á¶Ç×Àº
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ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í, Çü¹ý Á¦243Á¶³ª Á¦244Á¶³ª Á¦245Á¶¸¦ ±èÀαԿ¡°Ô Àû¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ»±î.
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¼öÀÔ ¶Ç´Â ¼öÃâÇÑ ÀÚ´Â 1³â ÀÌÇÏÀÇ Â¡¿ª ¶Ç´Â 500¸¸¿ø ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ¹ú±Ý¿¡ óÇÑ´Ù. 
Á¦245Á¶ (°ø¿¬À½¶õ) °ø¿¬È÷ À½¶õÇÑ ÇàÀ§¸¦ ÇÑ ÀÚ´Â 1³â ÀÌÇÏÀÇ Â¡¿ª, 500¸¸¿ø
ÀÌÇÏÀÇ ¹ú±Ý, ±¸·ù ¶Ç´Â °ú·á¿¡ óÇÑ´Ù. 

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ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Åë½Å¸ÁÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© Àü¼ÛÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÆǸÅÇÑ ÇàÀ§"¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â Çü¹ý
Á¦243Á¶ÀÇ ±ÔÁ¤À» Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ÆÇ°áÇß´Ù. ÇÑÆí, COPA¿¡ °üÇÑ ÆÇ°á¿¡¼­ ¹Ì
¿¬¹æ Á¦3¼øȸÇ×¼Ò½ÉÀº ¿ÀÇÁ¶óÀΰú ¿Â¶óÀÎÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ °üÇؼ­, ´ç±Ù, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ
±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. 

we are convinced that there are crucial differences between a "brick and
mortar outlet" and the online Web that dramatically affect a First Amendment
analysis. Unlike a "brick and mortar outlet" with a specific geographic
locale, and unlike the voluntary physical mailing of material from one
geographic location to another, as in Miller, the uncontroverted facts
indicate that the Web is not geographically constrained. 

¿©±â¼­ "brick and mortar outlet"¶ó°í ÇÑ °ÍÀº off-line¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¯À¯Àû Ç¥ÇöÀ»
ÀοëÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿Â¶óÀΰú ¿ÀÇÁ¶óÀÎÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ °üÇؼ­, ¹Ì±¹ Ç×¼Ò½É ÆÇ»ç´Â '³í¹ÚµÉ
¼ö ¾ø´Â(uncontroverted)'À̶ó´Â Çü¿ë»ç¸¦ ¾²°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Á¤µµ´Â ´ç¿¬È÷ ¾Ë°í
ÀÖ´Â Çѱ¹ÀÇ ´ã´ç °Ë»ç´Â <¿Â¶óÀÎ=¿ÀÇÁ¶óÀÎ>À̶ó´Â ¸»µµ ¾È µÇ´Â ³í¸®¸¦ Àü°³ÇÑ
µÚ, ¹ý Àû¿ë¿¡¼­´Â ½½±×¸Ó´Ï »û±æ·Î ºüÁö°í ¸¸ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 
±×·±µ¥, »ç½Ç ´õ Å« ¹®Á¦´Â <Àü±âÅë½Å±âº»¹ý Á¦48Á¶ÀÇ2>¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¶Ç׿¡¼­
<À½¶õÇÑ>À̶ó´Â ±ÔÁ¤°ú °ü·ÃÇÑ ´ë¹ý¿øÀÇ ÆÇ·Ê´Â ³Ê¹« È®°íÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¶±¤¼öÀÇ
¼Ò¼³ <Áñ°Å¿î »ç¶ó> »ç°ÇÀ̳ª ¿­À½»çÀÇ ¹ø¿ª ¼Ò¼³ <¾Æ¸¶Æ¼½ºÅ¸> »ç°Ç¿¡¼­ È®ÀεÈ
´ë¹ý¿ø ÆÇ·Ê´Â ¸¶Ä¡ º¹»ç±â¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ µí ¶È°°´Ù. ƯÈ÷, ÈÄÀÚÀÇ ÆÇ·Ê¿¡¼­ ´ë¹ý¿øÀº
¿Ü±¹ÀÇ "¾ÖÁ¤¼±Á¤¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±àÁ¤Àû Æò°¡¸¦ ±×´ë·Î ¿ì¸® »çȸ¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø"À¸¸ç
"¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ °ÇÀüÇÑ »çȸÅë³ä¿¡ ºñÃß¾î" °áÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÆÇ°áÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù(´ë¹ý¿ø 1997.12.26. ¼±°í97´©11287, ÇÑ»óÈñ. 4ÂÊ¿¡¼­ ÀçÀοë).
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4-5ÂÊ). Çѱ³¼öÀÇ °ßÇØ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¹«ÇÑÂüÁ¶, ¹«ÇÑÆíÁý, ¹«ÇÑ¿¬¼â µî°ú °°Àº
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°ÅÀÇ ¹«ÀǹÌÇØ"Áö¸ç, "ÇѸ¶µð·Î À½¶õÁËÀÇ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡ ¹ß½ÅÀÚÀÇ °íÀǸ¦ ƯÁ¤Çϱâ
¾î·Æ´Ù´Â °á·ÐÀÌ ³ª¿Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù."(ÇÑ»óÈñ, 6ÂÊ)
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ÀÓ´ëÇϰųª °ø¿¬È÷ Àü½Ã"¶ó°í ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °Ô Çѱ³¼öÀÇ °ßÇØ´Ù.
Áï, "Åë»óÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÝÆ÷´Â ±× °´Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¹è·ÂÀÌ ÀÌÀüÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦, Àü½Ã´Â
Áö¹è·ÂÀº ±×´ë·Î µÎµÇ ÀϹÝÀÎÀÇ ÀÎÁö°¡ °¡´ÉÇÑ »óÅ¿¡ µÎ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ¹Ù,
ÆÄÀϼۼö½ÅÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀº ¸ô¶óµµ WWW¹æ½Ä¿¡¼­´Â ¼ö½ÅÀÚ°¡ µû·Î ´çÇØ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÀúÀåÇÏÁö
¾Ê´Â ÇÑ ÀÏ´ÜÀº Cashe ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀÓ½ÃÀúÀå µÉ »ÓÀ̶ó´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ¹ÝÆ÷¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏÁö
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b. À̰͵éÀº û¼Ò³â¿¡°Ô À¯ÇØÇÑ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡
c. À̰͵é ÀϺο¡ û¼Ò³âÀ» µîÀå½ÃÄ״°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡
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<ÀαǰúÁ¤ÀÇ>, ´ëÇѺ¯È£»çÇùȸ, 153È£.
ÀåÈ£¼ø(1998), <¹Ì±¹ Çå¹ý°ú ÀαÇÀÇ ¿ª»ç>, °³¸¶°í¿ø. 
Á¶±¤Èñ(1997), "'Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯'ÀÇ Ä§ÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÀÀ°ú Àü¸Á", <ÀÌ ´ÞÀÇ ¹Îº¯>,
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